The Chinese is transliteration according to the Wade-Giles system, which, for all its imperfections, is employed almost universally in the serious literature on China written in English. For Japanese, the Hepburn system of romanization is followed. Chinese personal names follow their native form, that is, with the surname preceding the...

The Qiang nationality originated from the ancient Qiang nationality, is an ancient nationality in Western China. The ancient Qiang nationality has a wide and far-reaching influence on the development of Chinese history and the formation of the Chinese nation. The national language is the Qiang language, belonging to the...